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The Reichs Council of The Nobility of Germany
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The Reichs College of Princes and Counts of The Holy Roman Empire
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The Reichs College of Princes and
Counts of The Holy Roman Empire
1489-2008
Imperial Council of Princes
and Counts of Germany
The Imperial Nobility of Spain and Croatia
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(Above)
His Catholic Majesty King Juan Carlos of Spain ,
Prince of The Holy Roman Empire .
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THE HISTORY OF KING JUAN CARLOS I OF SPAIN
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Juan Carlos I, was baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias ; born January 5, 1938, Rome, Italy) is the reigning King of Spain.
On 22 November 1975, two days after the death of Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos was designated King according to the law of succession promulgated by Franco. He successfully oversaw the transition of Spain to a democratic constitutional monarchy. Recent polls show that he is widely approved of by Spaniards. Juan Carlos's titles include that of King of Jerusalem, as successor to the royal family of Naples. He is also a descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom through his grandmother, Victoria Eugenie; of Louis XIV of France through the House of Bourbon; of the Emperor Charles V, who belonged to the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire; of the House of Savoy of Italy; etc.
His name, when rarely anglicised, is rendered as John Charles Alphonse Victor Maria of Bourbon (and Bourbon-Two Sicilies). He was given these names after his father (Juan de Borbon), grandfather (Alfonso XIII) and maternal grandfather (Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies).
Born as son of H.R.H. Infante Don Juan de Borbón, Count of Barcelona (Conde de Barcelona ), son of Alfonso XIII of Spain, and Princess Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Orleans. He has one older sibling, a sister, Infanta Pilar, and two younger ones, Infanta Margarita, and the late Infante Alfonso. He was baptized by Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII.
The future King's early life was dictated largely by the political concerns of his father and Franco. He moved to Spain in 1948 to be educated there after his father persuaded Franco to allow this. He began his studies in San Sebastián and finished them in 1954 at the San Isidro Institute in Madrid. He then joined the army, undergoing officer training from 1955-1957 in Zaragoza.
In 1956, when Juan Carlos was 18, he reportedly shot and killed his younger brother, Infante Alfonso, in a gunplay accident after returning home from Mass. This event occurred in the family residence in Estoril, Portugal.
Starting in 1957, he spent a year in the naval school at Pontevedra and another in the air force school in San Javier in Murcia. In 1961, he graduated from the Complutense University, majoring in Political and International Law, Economics and Public Administration. He then went to live in the Zarzuela Palace, and began carrying out official duties.
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THE HISTORY OF THE SPANISH NOBILITY
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The Spanish nobility are the persons who possess the legal status of nobility, and the system of titles and honours of Spain and of the former kingdoms that constitute it. Some nobles possess various titles that may be inherited, but the inheritance and creation of titles is entirely at the grace of the King of Spain. During the rule of General Francisco Franco, new hereditary titles were conceded to individuals, and the titles granted by the Carlist pretenders were officially recognized.
Upon the accession to Spain's throne in the person of Juan Carlos of Spain in 1975, the court of nobles holding offices attached to the royal household was not restored. Noble titleholders are subjected to taxation, whereas under Spain's ancien régime they were exempt.
King Juan Carlos has also created new titles to recognize the merits of politicians and artists. For example, the daughter of Franco became Duchess of Franco, Adolfo Suárez became Duke of Suárez, Camilo José Cela became Marquis of Iria Flavia (the Roman name of his birth city). He also exceptionally confirmed the title of Count of Barcelona (a title historically attached to the Crown, but used as a title of pretence) by his father Juan de Borbón during the dynasty's twentieth century exile and the subsequent reign of his son.
Spanish nobles are classified either as Grandes de España (also called in English grandees), or as titled nobles. Formerly, grandees were divided into the first, second and third classes, but now, all grandees enjoy the same privileges. An individual may hold a grandeeship, whether in possession of a title of nobility or not. Normally, however, each grandeeship is attached to a title, though this was not always the case. Furthermore, a grandeeship is always awarded along with every ducal title, as most dukes in France gradually obtained a peerage under its ancien régime. A grandee of any rank outranks a non-grandee, even if that non-grandee's title is of a higher degree. Thus, a baron-grandee enjoys higher precedence than a marquis who is not a grandee. Except for dukes, most Spanish titles of nobility are not attached to grandeeships.
Grandees are entitled to the style of Most Excellent Lord / Lady or His / Her Excellency. In the days of the old monarchy, Grandees had the privilege of keeping their hats on in the presence of the sovereign, and of addressing him as "cousin".
Titled nobles who are of the rank of marquis or count use the style Most Illustrious Lord / Lady, while those of the rank of viscount, baron or lord use simply Lord / Lady.
The evidence supporting one's claim to a title may be reviewed by the Deputation of Grandees and Titled Nobles of the Kingdom (Diputación de Grandes y Títulos del Reino). The body includes eight grandees, eight nobles who are not grandees, and a president who must hold both a grandeeship and a hereditary title without grandeeship.
Succession to Spanish noble titles is hereditary, but not automatic. The original letters patent which created the title determines the course of succession.
The title of King of Spain however currently follows male-preference cognatic primogeniture, as set in the medieval Castilian law Siete Partidas. The elimination of male preference (while retaining the current rights of Felipe, Prince of Asturias) is often predicted as a likely future reform of the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
While noble titles historically have followed the rule of male-preference primogeniture, a Spanish law came into effect on October 30, 2006, after approval by both houses of parliament, establishing the inheritance of hereditary noble titles by the firstborn regardless of sex. The law is retroactive to July 27, 2005.[1]
Following the death of a noble, the senior heir may petition the King through the Spanish Ministry of Justice for permission to use the title. If the senior heir does not make a petition within two years, then other heirs may themselves do so. Furthermore, there is an overall limit of forty years within which one may claim a title.
The petitioner must demonstrate that he or she is a child, grandchild or direct male line descendant of a noble (whether a grandee or not), or that he or she belongs to certain bodies or orders of chivalry deemed noble, or that the father's family is recognized as noble (if succeeding to a grandeeship, the mother's family also). Furthermore, a fee must be paid; the fees depend on whether the title is attached to a grandeeship or not, and on whether the heir is a direct descendant or collateral kinsman to the previous holder. The petition is normally granted, except if the petitioner is a criminal.
Titles may also be ceded to heirs other than the senior heir during the lifetime of the main titleholder. Normally, the process is used to allow younger children to succeed to the titles, while the highest or principal title goes to the senior heir. Only subsidiary titles may be ceded; the principal title must be reserved for the senior heir. The cession of titles may only be done with the approval of the monarch.
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THE IMPERIAL ROLL OF HONOUR OF
THE NOBILITY OF THE HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE OF THE GERMAN NATION,
A REGISTER OF THE ECCLESIASTICAL,
AND SECULAR MEMBERS, NOBLE FAMILIES
& TITLES OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
IN SPAIN AND CROATIA.
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THE IMPERIAL NOBILITY OF SPAIN
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KINGDOM OF SPAIN / BOURBON-ANJOU
H.M. King Juan Carlos I of Spain.
( Prince of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.M. Queen Sofia of Spain.
( Princess of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.R.H. Prince Felipe of Spain, Prince of Asturias.
( Prince of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.R.H. Princess Elena of Spain, Duchess of Lugo.
( Princess of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.R.H. Princess Cristina of Spain, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca.
( Princess of The Holy Roman Empire )
PRINCELY HOUSE OF GEVAUDAN
H.R.H. Prince / Furst Don Ruben Alberto I of Gevaudan,
Conde Soberano de Gavalda ,
Principe de Sangre Real Merovingia .
( Prince of The Holy Roman Empire )
PRINCELY HOUSE OF GESTO RODRIGUEZ
H.M.S.H. Prince / Furst Jose Gesto Rodriguez, Duke of Ravensburg.
( Prince, Count and Baron of The Holy Roman Empire )
PRINCELY HOUSE OF ROMAN Y PANTRIGO
H.R.H. Prince / Furst Don Rafael Manuel III de Roman y Pantrigo ,
Prince / Furst and Duke / Herzog of Essen
( Prince and Duke of The Holy Roman Empire )
PEREZ VEGA
Lady / Frau Maria Perez Vega.
( Noble of The Holy Roman Empire )
PRINCELY HOUSE OF TORRE AND TASSO
H.S.H. Prince / Furst of Torre and Tasso.
( Prince of The Holy Roman Empire )
VARGAS MACHUCA
H.E. Count / Graf Don Diego of Vargas Machuca.
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
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(Above)
The Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Croatia .
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THE HISTORY OF THE NOBILITY OF CROATIA
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Croatian nobility refers to the noble families of Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Istria and Republic of Ragusa. The nobiliary status of the members of the original twelve tribes that constituted Croatian statehood in the Middle Ages preceded any royal grant. The following document compiled only a few years before the medieval Croatian state of inland Dalmatia was destroyed by the Turkish wars explains how only the male descendants of the original twelve tribes had the right to landownership.
“Magnifice domine amice noster! Ad requisitionem eiusdem vestre magnificencie nobis litteritorie factam in facto et consuetudine huius regni Crovatie in possessionibus videlicet hereditariis, eviticiis et acquisitis, vestre magnificencie certificamus, easdem consuetudines notificamus, qualiter descendunt hereditaria et patrimonialia nobilium Chrohatorum, quod omnes possessiones omnium nobilium duodecim generationum regni Crovatie descendunt in prolem masculinam germanis propinquis de eorum prole descendent de uno in aliud, que possessiones dictorum nobilium non sunt alienande extraneis in eorum preiudicio, neque pro anima testare neque legare ultra tre gognaios: de possessionibus vero eviticiis et acquisitis per antecessores nobilium sive per predecessores eorum pro ut est descriptum et postmodum relicte eorum heredum, ipse possessiones transire debent per omnes descendentes ab illo, a quo ipsa bona fuerunt acquisita simili modo et conditione, prout alia bona patrimonialia antiqua transeunt de prole in prolem, ut suprascriptum est. Item de possessionibus evictis et acquisitis, quod si aliquis nobilis evicisset seu acquisivisset suo solo evictu et acquisitu, ipse nobilis habet libertatem, ipsa bona, per ipsum evicta et acquisita, alienare, eo quia ea, que solus acquisivit, solus distribuere potest. Feminina autem proles non habet partem in possessionibus patrimonialibus, sed de bonis mobilibus debet adornari, cum transiverit ad inc ( ?). Quas consuetudines per presentes nostras litteras vestre magnificiencie declaramus. Data Thinini feria secunda proxima ante festum beati Martini episcopi et confessoris, anno domini 1459.” “Michael Sifkovich de Prozor regnorum Dalmacie et Croatie vicebanus. Judices nobilium Croatorum sedis Tniniensis.” Ljubić, Listine X, p. 146.
Thus, in the mediaeval state of Croatia only nobles by right of blood (iure sanguinis), i.e. the male descendants of the original twelve tribes, could own land. When this mediaeval statehood was destroyed by the Turkish wars in the 16th century, the surviving Croatian nobles migrated north and settled around Zagreb in that part of Slavonia still under the crown of Hungary-Croatia. The immigrant nobles carried their identity with them and re-named Croatia that part of Slavonia in which they settled. These new arrivals found different laws defining nobiliary status. It was the legal status of the land tenure that established whether the owner was noble or not. If your holding carried literae donationales you were nobilis; otherwise you were a colonus. Thus a man’s legal condition could change if he left one type of land tenure for another. Younger sons who had to leave the noble estate of their father to take over a farm (sessio) subjected to manorial dues had no right to be termed nobilis in legal documents. The ancient nobility iure sanguinis of the twelve tribes had no longer political significance unless supported by a noble estate. Starting in the 17th century, and to the end of the Habsburg empire, patent letters of nobility from the emperor-king for outstanding merit in the military and civil service became the rule.
In Dalmatia and Istria several Venetian titles were granted and during the French occupation, French titles were granted. Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary following World War I, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) stopped giving hereditary titles. Between 1941-1943 King Tomislav II of the Independent State of Croatia granted about 60 titles of duke, marquess, count, viscount and baron but mostly to non-citizens.
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(Above)
The Armorial Bearings of His Serene Highness
Prince Alfred von Krupa-Tarnawa of Senj ,
Duke of Senj, Count von Krupa Tarnawa,
Prince of The Holy Roman Empire.
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THE IMPERIAL ROLL OF HONOUR OF
THE NOBILITY OF THE HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE OF THE GERMAN NATION,
A REGISTER OF THE ECCLESIASTICAL,
AND SECULAR MEMBERS, NOBLE
FAMILIES & TITLES OF THE
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE IN CROATIA.
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THE IMPERIAL NOBILITY OF CROATIA
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BONA / BUNIC
H.E. Marquess / Margrave Marino de Bona .
( Marquess of The Holy Roman Empire )
DOIMI DE FRANKOPAN
H.H. Prince / Furst Louis Doimi de Frankopan .
( Noble of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.H. Princess / Furstin Ingrid Doimi de Frankopan .
( Noble of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.H. Prince / Furst Peter Doimi de Frankopan .
( Noble of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.H. Princess / Furstin Paolo Doimi de Frankopan .
( Noble of The Holy Roman Empire )
ELTZ
H.E. Count / Graf von Eltz .
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
ERBA-ODESCALCHI
H.S.H. Prince / Fusrt Carlo Erba-Odescalchi ,
Duke of Syrmium , Prince of Bassano ,
Hereditary Magnate of Hungary .
( Prince of The Holy Roman Empire )
GONDOLA / GUNDULIC
H.E. Count / Graf de Gondola .
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
KRUPA-TARNAWA
H.S.H. Prince / Furst Alfred von Krupa-Tarnawa
Prince of Senj , Duke of Senj,
Count / Graf von Krupa Tarnawa .
( Prince and Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.S.H. Princess / Furstin Ljiljana Krupa-Tarnawa ,
Princess of Senj , Duchess of Senj ,
Countess / Graefin von Krupa Tarnawa .
( Princess and Countess of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.S.H. Prince / Furst Gabriel Alfred von Krupa-Tarnawa of Senj ,
Hereditary Prince and Duke of Senj,
Count / Graf von Krupa Tarnawa .
( Prince and Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.S.H. Princess / Furstin Eleonora Krupa-Tarnawa of Senj ,
Princess of Senj , Countess / Graefin von Krupa Tarnawa .
( Princess and Countess of The Holy Roman Empire )
KRUPA
H.E. Count / Graf Mladen Krupa .
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.E. Countess / Graefin Djurdjica Krupa .
( Countess of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.E. Count / Graf Mladen Krupa .
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.E. Countess / Graefin Margareta Krupa .
( Countess of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.E. Countess / Graefin Magdalena Krupa .
( Countess of The Holy Roman Empire )
POZZA / PUCIC
H.E. Count / Graf de Pozza
Count / Graf of Zagorie
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
HAUPTFELD
H.E. Count / Graf Tomislav Hauptfeld .
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.E. Count / Graf Kristijan Hauptfeld .
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.E. Count / Graf Hrvoje Dragutin Hauptfeld .
( Count of The Holy Roman Empire )
HRASTOV
H.E. Baron / Freiherr Mihajlo Hrastov .
( Baron of The Holy Roman Empire )
JUTT
H.E. Baron / Freiherr Mario Jutt .
( Baron of The Holy Roman Empire )
KOMADINA
H.E. Baron / Freiherr Marijan Komadina .
( Baron of The Holy Roman Empire )
LISEC
H.E. Baron / Freiherr Vinko Lisec .
( Baron of The Holy Roman Empire )
H.E. Baron / Freiherr Hrvoje Lisec .
( Baron of The Holy Roman Empire )
MIKULICH
H.E. Baron / Freiherr Zeljko Mikulich .
( Baron of The Holy Roman Empire )
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"CHRISTUS VINCIT, CHRISTUS REGNAT, CHRISTUS IMPERIT."
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For Further Information the
Correspondence Address is:
The Imperial College of Princes
and Counts of The Holy Roman Empire,
The Grand Reichs-Chancellors Office,
Royal Mail Post Office Box 276,
Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0UL,
United Kingdom.
Tel: +44 (0) 208 943 4520
Fax: +44 (0) 208 943 4520
E-mail: hirhprincekarlfrederickevondeutschland@msn.com
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